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# 1.5.1 Configuring an application to be bootloaded for MIPS based MCUs

## Linker configurations for the application to be bootloaded

### Bootloader placement for various PIC32M product families

The bootloader is placed in Boot Flash Memory (BFM) or Program Flash Memory (PFM) based on the size of the bootloader and available Boot Flash memory on the device.

- If the bootloader fits into the available BFM, it is placed in BFM. The user application can use the complete area of the program Flash memory.

- If the bootloader does not fit into the available BFM, it is placed in PFM. The user application can use the remaining area of the program Flash memory.

- The following table shows the available Boot Flash memory and the placement of different bootloaders by product family.

## Setting up the Application linker script

The linker script file of the application project has to be modified to place the vector table and reset handlers in program Flash memory.

- For Quick start, Refer to the pre developed application linker scripts app_XX.ld placed in projects device specific configuration folder of bootloader_apps_xxx/ repository.

- Reset Address for the application to be loaded through bootloader should match the Application start address mentioned in bootloader project.

- The vector address of a given interrupt is calculated using Exception Base (EBASE) CPU register and the _ebase_address should be aligned to 4 KB boundary.

Note: The below sections provides overview of changes required in the applications linker scripts. The address location and size may vary based on the specific device used.

### For Bootloaders placed in Boot Flash Memory (PIC32MZ Devices)

- The application start address by default will be start of program Flash memory.

  - Refer to the specific device datasheet for program Flash memory start address and length.

- The Initial 4 KB from Application start address are used by Reset Handler and and cache_init section.

- XC32 Compiler calculates offset from the EBASE address and initializes the value of interrupt vector offset (OFFx) register. The offset register is combined with EBASE register using a bitwise OR operator to obtain the interrupt vector address that the CPU will jump to when the corresponding interrupt occurs.

- If the EBASE address is aligned to 4 KB, then all the interrupt vectors must be located within the 4 KB from base address.

  - Example: When _ebase_address is set to 0x9D001000 and interrupts vectors are not located withing the 4 KB boundary from the ebase address (OFFx > 0x1000), then the bitwise OR operator may not provide correct interrupt vector address.

- To provide maximum flexibility in placement of interrupt vectors:

  - Always place the _ebase_address at start of Program Flash memory (Example: 0x9D000000) as the default linker script.

  - Change the offsets of exceptions and vector section to place them after the device startup code. With this the interrupt handlers can be located anywhere in the Program Flash memory.

- Updated linker scripts as explained above is shown here as an example.

Note: Cache related sections are not applicable for PIC32MK Devices.

    PROVIDE(_vector_spacing = 0x0001);
    PROVIDE(_ebase_address = 0x9D000000);

    /* Place the vector table and other exceptions after the device reset and
     * cache init code.
     */
    PROVIDE(_ebase_vector_offsets = 0x1000);

    _RESET_ADDR                    = 0xBD000000;
    _SIMPLE_TLB_REFILL_EXCPT_ADDR  = _ebase_address + _ebase_vector_offsets + 0;
    _CACHE_ERR_EXCPT_ADDR          = _ebase_address + _ebase_vector_offsets + 0x100;
    _GEN_EXCPT_ADDR                = _ebase_address + _ebase_vector_offsets + 0x180;

    kseg0_program_mem  (rx) : ORIGIN = 0x9D001000, LENGTH = 0x200000 - 0x1000

    kseg1_boot_mem          : ORIGIN = 0xBD000000, LENGTH = 0x480

    kseg1_boot_mem_4B0      : ORIGIN = 0xBD0004B0, LENGTH = 0x1000 - 0x4B0

    /* Boot Sections */
    .reset _RESET_ADDR :
    {
      KEEP(*(.reset))
      KEEP(*(.reset.startup))
    } > kseg1_boot_mem

    .cache_init :
    {
      *(.cache_init)
      *(.cache_init.*)
    } > kseg1_boot_mem_4B0
    ...

    /* Interrupt vector table with vector offsets */
    .vectors _ebase_address + _ebase_vector_offsets + 0x200 :
    {
      /*  Symbol __vector_offset_n points to .vector_n if it exists,
       *  otherwise points to the default handler. The
       *  vector_offset_init.o module then provides a .data section
       *  containing values used to initialize the vector-offset SFRs
       *  in the crt0 startup code.
       */
      . = ALIGN(4) ;
      __vector_offset_0 = (DEFINED(__vector_dispatch_0) ? (. - _ebase_address) : __vector_offset_default);
      KEEP(*(.vector_0))
      ...
      ...
      /* Default interrupt handler */
      . = ALIGN(4) ;
      __vector_offset_default = . - _ebase_address;
      KEEP(*(.vector_default))
    } > kseg0_program_mem

### For Bootloaders placed in Program Flash Memory (PIC32MK Devices)

- The bootloader code resides from start of Program Flash memory, the application start address has to be after the end of bootloader.

  - Refer to the specific device datasheet for program Flash memory start address and length.

- The Initial 4 KB from Application start address are used by Reset Handler section.

- XC32 Compiler calculates offset from the EBASE address and initializes the value of interrupt vector offset (OFFx) register. The offset register is combined with EBASE register using a bitwise OR operator to obtain the interrupt vector address that the CPU will jump to when the corresponding interrupt occurs.

- If the EBASE address is aligned to 4 KB, then all the interrupt vectors must be located within the 4 KB from base address.

  - Example: When _ebase_address is set to 0x9D001000 and interrupts vectors are not located withing the 4 KB boundary from the ebase address (OFFx > 0x1000), then the bitwise OR operator may not provide correct interrupt vector address.

- To provide maximum flexibility in placement of interrupt vectors:

  - Always place the _ebase_address at start of Program Flash memory (Example: 0x9D000000) as the default linker script.

    Note: As _ebase_address is only used to calculate the vector offset it can be placed at start of program Flash memory even though the bootloader code is residing there.

  - Change the offsets of exceptions and vector section to place them after the device startup code of application. With this the interrupt handlers can be located anywhere in the Program Flash memory after bootloader space.

- Updated linked scripts as explained above is shown here as an example.

  - Bootloader length <bootloader_length> in the below snippet needs to be replaced with size of the respective bootloader.

    PROVIDE(_vector_spacing = 0x0001);
    PROVIDE(_ebase_address = 0x9D000000);

    /* Place the vector table and other exceptions after the device reset and
     * cache init code.
     */
    PROVIDE(_ebase_vector_offsets = <bootloader_length> + 0x1000);

    _RESET_ADDR                    = 0xBD000000 + <bootloader_length>;
    _SIMPLE_TLB_REFILL_EXCPT_ADDR  = _ebase_address + _ebase_vector_offsets + 0;
    _GEN_EXCPT_ADDR                = _ebase_address + _ebase_vector_offsets + 0x180;

    kseg0_program_mem  (rx) : ORIGIN = 0x9D000000 + <bootloader_length> + 0x1000, LENGTH = 0x200000 - <bootloader_length> - 0x1000

    kseg1_boot_mem          : ORIGIN = 0xBD000000 + <bootloader_length>, LENGTH = 0x1000

    /* Boot Sections */
    .reset _RESET_ADDR :
    {
      KEEP(*(.reset))
      KEEP(*(.reset.startup))
    } > kseg1_boot_mem

    ...

    /* Interrupt vector table with vector offsets */
    .vectors _ebase_address + _ebase_vector_offsets + 0x200 :
    {
      /*  Symbol __vector_offset_n points to .vector_n if it exists,
       *  otherwise points to the default handler. The
       *  vector_offset_init.o module then provides a .data section
       *  containing values used to initialize the vector-offset SFRs
       *  in the crt0 startup code.
       */
      . = ALIGN(4) ;
      __vector_offset_0 = (DEFINED(__vector_dispatch_0) ? (. - _ebase_address) : __vector_offset_default);
      KEEP(*(.vector_0))
      ...
      ...
      /* Default interrupt handler */
      . = ALIGN(4) ;
      __vector_offset_default = . - _ebase_address;
      KEEP(*(.vector_default))
    } > kseg0_program_mem

For Bootloaders placed in Program Flash Memory (PIC32MX Devices)

- The bootloader code resides from start of Program Flash memory, the application start address has to be after the end of bootloader.

- The Initial 4 KB from Application start address are used by Reset Handler section.

- Place the _ebase_address after the device startup code of application.

- Updated linked scripts as explained above is shown here as an example.

  - Bootloader length <bootloader_length> in the below snippet needs to be replaced with size of the respective bootloader.

    PROVIDE(_vector_spacing = 0x0001);
    PROVIDE(_ebase_address = 0x9D000000 + <bootloader_length> + 0x1000);

    _RESET_ADDR                 = 0xBD000000 + <bootloader_length>;

    kseg0_program_mem     (rx)  : ORIGIN = 0x9D000000 + <bootloader_length> + 0x1000, LENGTH = 0x80000 - <bootloader_length> - 0x1000
    kseg1_boot_mem              : ORIGIN = 0xBD000000 + <bootloader_length>, LENGTH = 0x1000

    /* Boot Sections */
    .reset _RESET_ADDR :
    {
      KEEP(*(.reset))
      KEEP(*(.reset.startup))
    } > kseg1_boot_mem
    ...

    .vector_0 _ebase_address + 0x200 + ((_vector_spacing << 5) * 0) :
    {
       KEEP(*(.vector_0))
    } > kseg0_program_mem
    ASSERT (_vector_spacing == 0 || SIZEOF(.vector_0) <= (_vector_spacing << 5), "function at exception vector 0 too large")

    .vector_1 _ebase_address + 0x200 + ((_vector_spacing << 5) * 1) :
    {
       KEEP(*(.vector_1))
    } > kseg0_program_mem
    ASSERT (_vector_spacing == 0 || SIZEOF(.vector_1) <= (_vector_spacing << 5), "function at exception vector 1 too large")
    ...
    ...

Note

- The bootloader and the application must have the same device configuration bit settings. The Device configuration bit settings from the bootloader project will be updated by the programmer/debugger. Therefore, the application linker script should not have any device configuration bit settings. The application project will use the device configuration bit settings done by bootloader.

- Device configurations and debug exception need to discarded from final hex file for the application project.

    /DISCARD/ : { *(._debug_exception) }
    /DISCARD/ : { *(.config_*) }

Additional settings (Optional)

- Data Memory Origin and Data Memory Length values should be updated in linkerscript for reserving configured bytes from start of RAM to trigger bootloader from firmware.

    /* Reserve <trigger_len> Bytes to Store Bootloader Trigger Pattern */
    kseg0_data_mem       (w!x)  : ORIGIN = <ram_start> + <trigger_len>, LENGTH = <ram_length> - <trigger_len>

MPLAB X Settings

For Bootloading the application using USB Host MSD Bootloader

- Specifying post build option to automatically generate the binary file from hex file once the build is complete.

    ${MP_CC_DIR}/xc32-objcopy -I ihex -O binary ${DISTDIR}/${PROJECTNAME}.${IMAGE_TYPE}.hex ${DISTDIR}/${PROJECTNAME}.${IMAGE_TYPE}.bin

### For Bootloading the application using USB Device HID Bootloader

- Check the Normalize hex file option as shown below, as the Unified bootloader host application takes hex file as an input. Normalizing the hex file will make sure the data in the hex file is arranged sequentially.