End-devices are simple objects such as sensors and actuators, and are the things
in the IoT. An end-device communicates to the network server through one or many
gateways. The gateway acts as a concentrator for the end-devices and relays the data
between end-devices and the network server.
The wireless connection between an end-device and the gateway is set up through a LoRa wireless link. The gateways, network server and application servers communicate over an IP back haul linked using Ethernet, 3G, LTE, and so on. The following figure shows the typical system architecture of a LoRa network.
Figure 1. LoRaWAN Architecture
