Introduction

The rapid expansion of the grid de-carbonization initiatives and the evolution of renewable energy resources (especially photovoltaic) are driving a new wave of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) integration projects. Interleaving traditional energy generation sources and renewable energy sources on the grid requires precise frequency and phase-angle management to ensure efficiency and to avoid phase shift and harmonic distortions. Synchronizing on-again-off-again, intermittent, and oscillating inverter output voltage waveforms are challenging.

Today, there is a need for millisecond timing using Network Time Protocal (NTP) in a form factor that is DIN-Rail mounted and satisfies the standard IEEE® 1547-2018 where it has been implemented state-wide within California and Hawaii.

Figure 1. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Generated Power Inserted Onto the Grid with Variable, Intermittent, and Oscillating Frequency