2 BPS Perspectives and Recommendations

With increased DER penetrations, the ability of DERs to ride through large changes in voltage phase angle becomes increasingly important for reliable operation of the BPS. Large changes in voltage phase angle can occur during normally cleared fault events or line switching on the BPS. Widespread DER tripping during these events can cause adverse impacts to BPS reliability. Therefore, from the BPS perspective, voltage phase angle ride-through capability and performance are strongly recommended for all DERs.

The following table shows a comparison between the IEEE 1547 standard and other DER interconnection standards.

Table 2-1. IEEE 1547 Standard Compared to Other DER Standards
Standards for DER		Listing/Certification			Interconnection Standards			State/PUC/Utility Rules
Standards for DER		Listing/Certification			Interconnection Standards			CA	HI/HECO
Function Set	Advanced Function Capability	UL 1741	UL 1741 (SA) 2006	IEEE^® 1547.1 - 201?*	IEEE 1547 - 2003	IEEE 1547a - 2014	IEEE 1547 - 2018	Rule 21 (Phases)	Rule 14H and UL SRDv1.1
All	Adjustability in ranges of allowable settings			Δ		✓	‡
Monitoring and control	Ramp rate control		Δ					‡ (P1)	‡
	Communication interface			Δ			‡	‡ (P2)	‡
	Disable permit service (Remote shut-off, remote disconnect/reconnect)			Δ			‡	‡ (P3)	‡
	Limit active power			Δ			‡	‡ (P3)
	Monitor key DER data			Δ			‡	‡ (P3)
Scheduling	Set active power							[ ‡ (P3) ]
Scheduling	Scheduling power values and models							‡ (P3)
Reactive power and voltage support	Constant power factor	✓	Δ	Δ	✓	✓	‡	‡ (P1)	X
	Voltage-reactive power (Volt-VAR)		Δ	Δ	X	✓	‡	‡ (P1)	‡
	Autonomously Adjustable Voltage Reference			Δ			‡	!!!	!!!
	Active Power-Reactive Power (Watt-VAR)			Δ	X		‡		‡
	Constant Reactive Power	✓		Δ	✓	✓	‡
	Voltage active power (Volt-Watt)		Δ	Δ	X	✓	‡	‡ (P3)	‡
	Dynamic voltage support during Voltage Ride-Through (VRT)						✓	[ ‡ (P3) ]
Bulk system reliability and frequency support	Frequency Ride-Through (FRT)		Δ	Δ			‡	‡ (P1)	‡
	Rate-of-change of FRT			Δ			‡	!!!	!!!
	VRT		Δ	Δ			‡	‡ (P1)	‡
	Voltage phase angle jump ride-through			Δ			‡	!!!	!!!
	Frequency-watt		Δ	Δ	X	✓	‡	‡ (P3)	‡
Other advanced DER functions	Anti-islanding detection and trip			Δ			‡	‡ (P1)	‡
	Transient overvoltage						‡		‡
	Remote configurability						‡	‡ (P2)	‡
	Return to service (Enter service)						‡	‡ (P1)	‡

Note:

X—Prohibited
✓—Allowed by mutual agreement
‡—Capability required
Δ—Test and verification defined
!!!—Important gap

While California and Hawaii have taken an early adopter role in implementing rules that incorporate the practices outlined above, we expect other states to follow as more alternative energy-generated DER (wind, solar, and so on.) operators emerge across the North American continent and around the world.