3.2.2 BLE Throughput

This section describes in detail the example of PIC32CXBZ2 BLE Throughput evaluation using Microchip MBD App and the factors affecting the BLE throughput.

Introduction

Data Format for Advertising

Advertising Data

The Service Data type is used in advertising data. The data format is as illustrated below:

Note: 0xFEDA is a 16-bit Service UUID which is purchased by Microchip from Bluetooth SIG.

Scan Response Data

The device name is put in the scan response. the device name is set as “BLE_UART_XXXX”. (XXXX are the last two bytes of the device address.)

Supported Services and Profiles

The supported service and profile are listed in the following section.

Profiles

• Transparent Profile (TRP): MCHP proprietary profile, see Reference [4] for the detail.

LED Indication

Scanning and Connecting the Device

The steps to scan and connect to the device via MBD app are described as follows:

1. Tap "BLE UART" feature in MBD App

   

2. Tap on the PIC32CXBZ.

   

3. Tap on START

   

4. Select BLE_UART_XXXX (XXXX are the last two bytes of the device address)

   

Firmware Version

1. To verify firmware version, once LE is connected, tap the Setting Icon:

   

2. The firmware version detail will be listed along with other Device Information as illustrated in the following figure.

   

Select Transparent Profile

There are two profiles supported by the MBD "BLE UART" App but "BLE_THROUGHPUT" firmware supports TRP only.

1. Legacy Transparent Profile (TRP): Supported by "BLE_THROUGHPUT" firmware.

2. Transparent Credit Based Profile (TRCBP): Not supported by "BLE_THROUGHPUT" firmware.

Select GATT Write Type

TRP profile supports both "Write with Response" and "Write without Response", which is much higher than the former.

Demo Modes

Burst Mode

There are four data transfer modes supported in the Burst mode:

1. Checksum mode: MBD App to the device (uni-direction).

2. Fixed Pattern mode: Device to MBD App (uni-direction).

3. Loopback mode: MBD App → Device → MBD App (bi-direction).

4. UART mode: MBD App → Device → UART output to PC; UART input from PC → Device → MBD App (bi-direction). This mode is not supported by "BLE THROUGHPUT" firmware.

B. Text Mode

There are two data transfer modes supported in the Text mode:

1. Loopback mode: MBD App → Device → MBD App (bi-direction).
2. UART mode: MBD App → Device → UART output. This mode is not supported by "BLE THROUGHPUT" firmware.

Work with Android MBD App

The operation of Android MBD App is quite the same as the iOS version MBD App.

Throughput Evaluation

This section describes the throughput evaluation steps and a list of throughput figures tested with a list of phone models (for reference only). Additionally, the factors influencing throughput will be examined.

Throughput Evaluation Steps

1. Connect a USB cable to the WBZ451 Curiosity board
2. Download the “BLE_THROUGHPUT” firmware
3. Run a terminal tool like "Tera Term"

   Open the serial port connecting to the WBZ451 Curiosity board and configure the setting as below:

   

4. Press the Reset button on the WBZ451 Curiosity board, the initialization string will be displayed as illustrated in the following figure.

   

5. Using "BLE UART" feature of MBD App, connect to the WBZ451 Curiosity board
6. Select the Burst mode

   

7. Select the Demo mode in setting page. Except the UART mode, all the other modes are supported by "BLE_THROUGHPUT"

   

8. Select Text file size in the Setting page

   

9. The TRP profile is automatically selected

   

10. Select GATT Write Type

    "Write without Response" will achieve much higher throughput.

    

11. Tap Done and back to the previous page
12. Tap START

    After sending the file, the throughput is evaluated as illustrated below:

    

Throughput Test Report

The following tables describe the throughput test result with iOS and Android devices with the configuration as

• Profile

  TRP

• GATT Write Type

  Write without Response

• Downlink

  Tested with "Checksum" data transfer mode

• Uplink

  Tested "Fixed pattern" data transfer mode

1. iOS Devices

   Table 3-24. Reference Throughput with iOS Devices

   Phones	Downlink (Kbytes/sec)	Uplink (Kbytes/sec)
   iPhone 6 Plus / iOS 12.4.8	5.61	5.62
   iPhone 7 / iOS 13.5.1	18.64	19.23
   iPhone 8 / iOS11.1	47.08	47.62
   iPhone X / iOS 12.3	57.93	58.82
   iPhone X MAX / iOS 14.0.1	55.17	62.5
   iPhone 11 / iOS 14.0.1	60.29	62.5
   iPad Air 3rd / iOS 13.3	58.62	58.82
   iPhone 13 Pro / iOS 15.6.1	53.11	56.89

2. Android Devices

   Table 3-25. Reference Throughput with Android Devices

   Phones	Downlink (Kbytes/sec)	Uplink (Kbytes/sec)
   Samsung S10 / Android 10	46	65
   OPPO RENO / Andoid 9	36	66
   Sony Xperia XZ / Android 8	4	4
   Vivo V11 / Android 9	32	66
   Nokia 7.2 / Android 10	35	64
   OPPO R15 / Android 9	42	66
   OnePlus 3 / Android 9	33	41
   Google Pixel 2 / Android 10	50	67

Factors Affecting Throughput

In BLE_THROUGHPUT example, the WBZ451 is the GATT server while the MBD App is the GATT client. There are 7 main factors affecting the throughput. Some factors are negotiated and determined by the BLE stack of the GATT client and server. And some factors can be modified or requested by the user level application code using the APIs exposed by underneath BLE stack.

1. ATT MTU size

   Larger MTU size achieves higher throughput. Assuming the MTU size is x, then the Max application data payload in one operation is of x minus 3 (excluding 1byte of GATT operation code and 2 bytes of the attribute handle ).

   In PIC32CX1012BZ25048 BLE stack, the Max MTU is set to 247 bytes. The final MTU used by the GATT client and server will depends on the negotiation initiated by the GATT client. For iOS, the MTU size is determined by the underneath BLE stack while the user level application can use API to learn the determined MTU. For Android, the MTU size can be requested by the user level application code using API of "requestMtu (int mtu)" and the user application code should observe the result from "onMtuChanged" callback.

2. Operation Type

   For downlink operation, the "Write without Response" (Write Command) is always faster than the "Write with Response" (Write Request).

   For uplink operation, the Notify operation is always faster than the Indication operation which requires a confirm from peer device.

   It's the responsibility of BLE_THROUGHPUT firmware to define the property of the GATT characteristics. The property in turn defines the permitted operation type.

3. Data Length Extension(DLE)

   Link layer data packet length by default is 27 bytes. From BLE 4.2 onward, the link layer data packet length can be extended to as long as 251bytes. This feature is called Data Length Extension (DLE).

   Note: Some phone models might not support DLE while PIC32CX1012BZ25048 BLE stack supports it

   DLE negotiation is conducted by underneath BLE stack of both the client and the server. User level application code has no API to modify the link layer data packet length.

4. Connection Interval (CI)

   The CI defines the frequency of the Connection Event. Shorter CI causes higher frequency of the Connection Event. Certain number of data packets can be sent during one connection event. It is obvious that the shorter CI the lesser number of data packets can be sent in one Connection Event. In contrast, the longer CI the higher opportunity to send larger number of data packets in one Connection Event. The iOS device might limit the CI parameter according to the peripheral type. See reference[6] for more details.

   PIC32CX1012BZ25048 BLE stack provides API of "BLE_DM_ConnectionParameterUpdate" to update the connection parameter. The final connection parameter is decided by negotiation of both the client and the server stack.

   On Android the equivalent API is "requestConnectionPriority" while there is no such similar API available on iOS.

5. Number of Data Packets per Connection Event

   The number varies from iOS to Android and from revision to revision. There is no direct API available on either iOS or Android to define this number. User can fine tune the CI to get ideal value and verify the result in the air log.

6. PHY Selection

   From BLE 5.0 onward, LE 2M PHY is introduced. It is 2x faster than the former LE 1M PHY. Gradually the phone models in the market will embrace this new feature. Either the GATT client or server might request to update the PHY to LE 2M according to PHY Update Procedure defined by SIG, see reference [7] for details. WBZ451 is born to support this feature and the API of "BLE_GAP_SetPhy" is available to user level application code to change the PHY selected.

   • PHY Update Procedure

     In BLE_THROUGHPUT example, the API "BLE_GAP_SetPhy" is called on writing the handle of TRP TX characteristic CCCD (Client Characteristic Configuration Descriptor) operated by peer device illustrated as below image. For more details on TRP, see reference[1].

     

     A event of BLE_GAP_EVT_PHY_UPDATE will be generated on the completion of this procedure then the user can check the result in this event. This event is handled by APP_BleGapEvtHandler( ) of GAP handler in this example.

7. The RF Factor

   The noisy RF environment can decrease the throughput. The well designed RF circuit can achieve higher throughput. Finally, the casing condition of the end product containing the BLE device can also affect the throughput.

4. The BLE_THROUGHPUT Example Firmware Diagram

The BLE_THROUGHPUT firmware is designed for the WBZ451 Curiosity board. The firmware is based on TRP service. There are three data transfer modes supported by the BLE_THROUGHPUT firmware, including Checksum mode, Fixed pattern mode and Loopback mode. To simplify, the UART mode is not implemented in this example. The firmware diagram below illustrates the main part of the firmware.