14.3 Low Power Crystal Oscillator
This Crystal Oscillator is a low power oscillator, with reduced voltage swing on the XTAL2 output. It gives the lowest power consumption, but is not capable of driving other clock inputs, and may be more susceptible to noise in noisy environments.
The crystal should be connected as described in Clock Source Connections. When selecting crystals, load capacitance must be taken into consideration. The capacitance (Ce+Ci) needed at each TOSC pin can be calculated by using:
- Ce - is optional external capacitors. (= C1, C2 as shown in Figure 14-2)
- Ci - is the pin capacitance in Table 14-3.
- CL - is the load capacitance specified by the crystal vendor.
- CS - is the total stray capacitance for one XTAL pin.
32kHz Osc. Type | Internal Pad Capacitance (XTAL1) | Internal Pad Capacitance (XTAL2) |
---|---|---|
Ci of system oscillator (XTAL pins) | 6pF | 6pF |
The Low Power Oscillator can operate in three different modes, each optimized for a specific frequency range. The operating mode is selected by the fuses CKSEL[3:1], as shown in the following table:
Frequency Range [MHz] | CKSEL[3:1](2) | Range for total capacitance of C1 and C2 [pF](4) |
---|---|---|
0.4 - 0.9 | 100(3) | – |
0.9 - 3.0 | 101 | 12 - 22 |
3.0 - 8.0 | 110 | 12 - 22 |
8.0 - 16.0 | 111 | 12 - 22 |
- This is the recommended CKSEL settings for the difference frequency ranges.
- This option should not be used with crystals, only with ceramic resonators.
- If the crystal frequency exceeds the specification of the device (depends on VCC), the CKDIV8 Fuse can be programmed in order to divide the internal frequency by 8. It must be ensured that the resulting divided clock meets the frequency specification of the device.
- When selecting the external capacitor value, the stray capacitance from the PCB and device should be deducted.
The CKSEL0 Fuse together with the SUT[1:0] Fuses select the start-up times, as shown in the following Table:
Oscillator Source / Power Conditions | Start-up Time from Power-down and Power-save | Additional Delay from Reset (VCC = 5.0V) | CKSEL0 | SUT[1:0] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ceramic resonator, fast rising power | 258 CK | 19CK + 4ms(1) | 0 | 00 |
Ceramic resonator, slowly rising power | 258 CK | 19CK + 65ms(1) | 0 | 01 |
Ceramic resonator, BOD enabled | 1K CK | 19CK(2) | 0 | 10 |
Ceramic resonator, fast rising power | 1K CK | 19CK + 4ms(2) | 0 | 11 |
Ceramic resonator, slowly rising power | 1K CK | 19CK + 65ms(2) | 1 | 00 |
Crystal Oscillator, BOD enabled | 16K CK | 19CK | 1 | 01 |
Crystal Oscillator, fast rising power | 16K CK | 19CK + 4ms | 1 | 10 |
Crystal Oscillator, slowly rising power | 16K CK | 19CK + 65ms | 1 | 11 |
- These options should only be used when not operating close to the maximum frequency of the device, and only if frequency stability at start-up is not important for the application. These options are not suitable for crystals.
- These options are intended for use with ceramic resonators and will ensure frequency stability at start-up. They can also be used with crystals when not operating close to the maximum frequency of the device, and if frequency stability at start-up is not important for the application.