1.11 Getting Started with DAC

1.11.1 Introduction


Author: Srinivasa KR, Microchip Technology Inc.

The Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) converts a digital signal into an analog signal. The DAC module in the 8-bit PIC^® microcontrollers offers flexible input source selection, provision of routing output to other peripherals, such as an Analog Comparator (AC) and Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC), and configurable register sets.

This makes the DAC a flexible module suitable for numerous applications, such as:

Signal Generation
Reference Voltage Generation
Converting Digital Output of Encoders to Analog Signals, etc.

This technical brief provides insight into the 5-bit DAC peripheral. Along with the working principle of the module, the technical brief describes the configurations of the DAC based on requirements and performance parameters of the module. This document also discusses the possible functional configurations of the DAC module, code examples, and code generation for DAC using the MPLAB® Code Configurator (MCC).

1.11.2 Relevant Devices

The following 8-bit PIC® microcontroller families offer feature-identical 5-bit DAC.

PIC18-Q10
PIC18-K83
PIC18-K42
PIC18-K40
PIC16F18346
PIC16F18446
PIC16F15386
PIC16F18877

1.11.3 Overview

The DAC supplies a variable voltage reference that is ratiometric with the input source and has 32 selectable output levels.

The 5-bit DAC features include:

Flexible input source (both positive and negative)
Selection of the DAC output, as a reference to the following internal peripherals:
- DACxOUT1 pin
- DACxOUT2 pin
- Comparator positive input
- ADC input channel

The flexible input reference voltage (both positive input source (Vsource+) and negative input source (Vsource-)) aids in configuring a range of reference voltages from negative (-) to positive (+).

The positive input source of the DAC can be connected to three sources:

FVR Buffer
External V_REF+ Pin
V_DD supply voltage

The Fixed Voltage Reference (FVR) is an internal module providing stable voltage references; Table 1-30 showcases those levels of voltages, which are limited to less than the V_DD voltage. An external V_REF+ pin is used when the user wishes to provide the input from an external source.

The V_DD supply voltage of the microcontroller can also be used as a voltage resource to the positive input source of the DAC. The negative input source (Vsource-) of the DAC can be connected to the two sources:

External V_REF- Pin
V_SS

The external V_REF- pin is a negative reference voltage pin, which can be used when the user wishes to provide the input from an external voltage source. (Refer to Electric Characteristics in the device-specific data sheet).

The V_SS supply voltage pin is an operating supply ground (GND) pin, which can be used as a negative input source to the DAC. The output of DAC can be routed to other peripherals as a reference voltage. This includes:

Noninverting input of comparator
ADC input channel
Microcontroller pins: DACxOUT1 and DACxOUT2

This feature makes DAC a flexible module suitable for a wide range of applications.

1.11.4 DAC Operation

Illustrated below is the detailed architecture of the 5-bit DAC module. It can be enabled by setting the EN bit.

Figure 1-94. Detailed Architecture of 5-Bit DAC

The DAC has 32 voltage levels which are set with the DAC1R [4:0] bits of the DAC1CON1 register. The DAC output voltage is derived from the parameters V_REF+, V_REF-, 5-bit DAC input, and 32 voltage levels.

The internal structure of the DAC module is comprised of a 32-to-1 multiplexer and a 32-steps resistor ladder. The resistor ladder is a string of identical resistors connected to the multiplexer, as shown above. One end of the resistor ladder is connected to the positive input source (Vsource+) and the other, to negative input source (Vsource-). With this architecture, Vsource+ to Vsource– is divided into 32 equal steps. The DAC output value is derived from the resistor ladder and if the voltage of either input source fluctuates, this would result in fluctuations in the DAC output value. The DAC output voltage can be routed to the DACxOUTn pins and to other peripherals by setting the respective control register bits. Reading the DACxOUTn pin when it is configured for the DAC reference voltage output will always return a ‘0’.

The DAC output can be determined by using the following equation:

D A C x_o u t p u t = [(V_{R E F +} - V_{R E F -}) \times \frac{D A C R [4 : 0]}{2^{5}}] + V_{R E F -}

For example, the parameters configuration and DAC inputs:

V_REF+ = 5V
V_REF- = 0V
DACR [4:0] = 31 (Maximum)
2⁵ = 32
DACx_output = [(5 - 0) x 31 / 32] + 0 = 4.843V

Thus, the 5-Bit DAC can provide a maximum output voltage of 4.843V

1.11.5 Possible Configurations

1.11.5.1 DAC Output as Reference Voltage

The following configuration can be used in an application where it is required to access the DAC output from an external pin.

Figure 1-95. DAC Output on DACxOUT1/2 Pin with Internal Reference Voltage Configuration

Here, the DAC positive and negative reference voltage is configured as microcontroller AV_DD and AV_SS, respectively. This configuration is required for the functionalities, where variable analog voltage is required as output from the DAC.

Table 1-26. DAC1CON0.PSS[1:0] DAC Positive Select Bit
Value	Description
`11`	Reserved
`10`	FVR buffer
`01`	FVR+ (External Positive Voltage Reference)
`00`	AV_DD (Microcontroller V_CC)

Table 1-27. DAC1CON0.NSS DAC Negative Source Select Bit
Value	Description
`1`	V_REF- (External Negative Voltage Reference)
`0`	AV_SS (Microcontroller GND)

Table 1-28. **DAC1CON0.OE1** DAC Voltage Output Enable Bit
Value	Description
`1`	DAC voltage level is output on the DAC1OUT1 pin
`0`	DAC voltage level is disconnected from the DAC1OUT1 pin

The DAC positive reference input source is configured as the microcontroller AV_DD, the negative input source is configured as AV_SS, and the output of the DAC is connected to the microcontroller Pin (GPIO Pin). The DAC1OUT1 pin must be configured as output and analog pin.

Table 1-29. Pin Allocation Table
	28-Pin SPDIP, SOIC, SSOP	28-Pin (V)QFN	A/D	Reference	Comparator
RA0	2	27	ANA0		C1IN0- C2IN0-
RA1	3	28	ANA1		C1IN1- C2IN1-
RA2	4	1	ANA2	DAC1OUT1 VREF-(DAC) VREF-(ADC)	C1IN0+ C2IN0+
RA3	5	2	ANA3	V_REF+(DAC) V_REF+(ADC)	C1IN1+
RA4	6	3	ANA4

The MCC is a graphical programing environment that generates code seamlessly. Easy-to-use GUI helps to generate the desired code, which can be easily inserted into the project. Figure 4-2 shows how to use the MCC for the DAC configuration.

Figure 1-96. MCC Configuration - DAC Output on DACxOUT1 Pin with Internal Reference Voltage

Figure 1-97. Pin Manager in MCC Configuration

The following code is generated by the MCC for DAC initialization:

void DAC1_Initialize(void)
{
    // DAC1EN enabled; NSS VSS; PSS VDD; OE1 enabled; OE2 disabled; 
    DAC1CON0 = 0xA0;
    // DAC1R 31; 
    DAC1CON1 = 0x1F; //Default input value 
}

The DAC output value is set by using the DACxCON1 register. The following MCC-generated API/function can be used for the same purpose.

void DAC1_SetOutput (uint8_t inputData)
{
    DAC1CON1 = inputData;
}

After initializing this configuration, the DAC output can be connected to the DAC1CON1 (i.e., the RA2 pin). This DAC configuration can be used as a reference voltage generator and waveform/signal generator. Some of the examples are listed in the MPLAB Xpress code Examples.

1.11.5.2 Reading DAC Output Using ADC

This particular configuration, useful for applications such as calibration, involves two peripherals:

DAC for providing analog voltage to ADC channel
ADC for application functionalities

The user can configure the DAC output as input to ADC, the DAC positive reference input as FVR buffer, the negative reference input source as microcontroller GND (i.e., AV_SS), and the DAC output routed to ADC as an input channel. The DAC output can be configured as an analog input channel to ADC by configuring the ADC input selection register.

Figure 1-98. DAC Output as ADC Input Configuration

The DAC1CON0 resister must be configured as per requirements. Figure 4-5 shows code generation using MCC for the DAC configuration.

Figure 1-99. DAC Configuration for Reading DAC Output Using ADC

The following code is generated by the MCC for the DAC configuration:

//DAC0EN enabled; NSS VSS; PSS FVR_buf2; OE1 disabled; OE2 disabled; 
void DAC1_Initialize(void)
{
    // DAC1EN enabled; NSS VSS; PSS FVR_buf2; OE1 disabled; OE2 disabled; 
    DAC1CON0 = 0x88;
    // DAC1R 0; 
    DAC1CON1 = 0x00;
}

Figure 4-6 showcases the block diagram of FVR, which can be used as a DAC positive reference input voltage. The FVRCON register is used to set the fixed reference voltage for DAC.

Figure 1-100. FVR Configuration for DAC Reference Voltage

Figure 4-7 shows how the MCC can be used to generate the code for FVR initialization.

Figure 1-101. MCC Configuration to Set the FVR Voltage as DAC Reference Voltage

The following code is generated by the MCC for the FVR configuration:

// FVRCON enabled; ADFVR [1:0] 2.048V; 
void FVR_Initialize(void)
{
    // CDAFVR off; FVREN enabled; TSRNG Lo_range; ADFVR 2x; TSEN disabled; 
    FVRCON = 0x82;
}

Table 1-30. **Fixed Output Voltages from FVR**
FVRCON.CDAFVR Value	Buffer Voltage
`ob11`	4.096V
`ob10`	2.048V
`ob01`	1.024V
`ob00`	Buffer is Off

The value of the ADPCH register for configuring the DAC output as an input channel to ADC is 0b111110. Figure 4-8 shows the ADC module configuration to set the DAC output as input to the ADC channel.

Figure 1-102. MCC Configuration for Selecting DAC as an ADC Input

The following code is generated:

//code
ADPCH = 0x3E; // ADPCH DAC1;

1.11.5.3 DAC Output as an Analog Comparator Input

This configuration involves the AC and DAC peripherals, where the PIC 8-bit microcontroller has the flexibility to route the DAC output to the noninverting input of AC, internally.

Figure 1-103. DAC Output as an Analog Comparator Input Configuration

The comparator register CMxPCH must be used for selecting the DAC output as a noninverting channel. The polarity of the comparator output can be inverted by setting the CxPOL bit. Clearing the CxPOL bit results in a noninverted output. The CxPOL bit belongs to register CMxCON0 and the output of the comparator is listed in following table:

Table 1-31. Comparator Output
Input Condition	CxPOL	CxOUT
V_IN+ > V_IN-	`0`	`0`
V_IN+ < V_IN-	`0`	`1`
V_IN+ > V_IN-	`1`	`1`
V_IN+ < V_IN-	`1`	`0`

Figure 4-10 and Figure 4-11 show how the MCC can be used to generate code for this particular configuration.

Figure 1-104. DAC Output Configuration Using MCC

Figure 1-105. CMP1 Configuration for DAC Output as an Analog Comparator Input Using MCC

The following code is generated by the MCC for the DAC configuration:

void DAC1_Initialize(void)
{
    // DAC1EN enabled; NSS VSS; PSS VREF+; OE1 disabled; OE2 disabled; 
    DAC1CON0 = 0x84;
    // DAC1R 8; 
    DAC1CON1 = 0x08;
}

The following code is generated by the MCC for the comparator configuration:

void CMP1_Initialize(void)
{
    PIE2bits.C1IE = 0; // C1HYS disabled; C1EN enabled; C1POL not inverted; C1SYNC asynchronous;                          
    CM1CON0 = 0x80;                        
    CM1CON1 = 0x02; // C1INTN no_intFlag; C1INTP intFlag_pos
    CM1NCH = 0x07; // NCH Vss;                          
    CM1PCH = 0x05; // PCH DACOUT;                          
    PIR2bits.C1IF = 0; // Clearing IF flag before enabling the interrupt.
    PIE2bits.C1IE = 1; // Enabling CMP1 interrupt.
}

1.11.6 DAC in Power-Down Modes

In the Power-Saving Operation modes (Sleep, Idle, and Doze) of the PIC microcontroller, we may expect changes in current consumption when using the DAC.

When the device wakes up from Sleep mode by an interrupt or by a Windowed Watchdog Timer (WWDT) time-out, the contents of the DACxCON0 register are not affected.

Tip:

To minimize the current consumption in Sleep mode, the voltage reference must be disabled from the FVR before the controller enters Power-Down mode.
Refer to the device-specific data sheet for more details about Power-Saving Operation modes, DAC, FVR, and corresponding registers.