31.6.2.3 Clock Generation – Baud-Rate Generator

The baud-rate generator, as illustrated in the following figure, generates internal clocks for asynchronous and synchronous communication. The output frequency (f_BAUD) is determined by the Baud register (BAUD) setting and the baud reference frequency (f_ref). The baud reference clock is the serial engine clock, and it can be internal or external.

For asynchronous communication, the /16 (divide-by-16) output is used when transmitting, whereas, the /1 (divide-by-1) output is used while receiving.

For synchronous communication, the /2 (divide-by-2) output is used.

This functionality is automatically configured, depending on the selected operating mode.

The following table contains equations for the baud rate (in bits per second) and the BAUD register value for each operating mode.

For asynchronous operation, there are two modes:

Arithmetic mode – The BAUD register value is 16 bits (0 to 65,535)
Fractional mode – The BAUD register value is 13 bits, while the fractional adjustment is 3 bits. In this mode, the BAUD setting must be greater than or equal to 1.

For synchronous operation, the BAUD register value is 8 bits (0 to 255).

Table 31-2. Baud Rate Equations
Operating Mode	Condition	Baud Rate (Bits Per Second)	BAUD Register Value Calculation
Asynchronous Arithmetic	$f_{B A U D} \leq \frac{f_{r e f}}{16}$	$f_{B A U D} = \frac{f_{r e f}}{16} (1 - \frac{B A U D}{65536})$	$B A U D = 65536 \cdot (1 - S \cdot \frac{f_{B A U D}}{f_{r e f}})$
Asynchronous Fractional	$f_{B A U D} \leq \frac{f_{r e f}}{S}$	$f_{B A U D} = \frac{f_{r e f}}{S \cdot (B A U D + \frac{F P}{8})}$	$B A U D = \frac{f_{r e f}}{{S \cdot f}_{B A U D}} - \frac{F P}{8}$
Synchronous	$f_{B A U D} \leq \frac{f_{r e f}}{2}$	$f_{B A U D} = \frac{f_{r e f}}{2 \cdot (B A U D + 1)}$	$B A U D = \frac{f_{r e f}}{{2 \cdot f}_{B A U D}} - 1$

S - Number of samples per bit, which can be 16, 8 or 3.

The Asynchronous Fractional option is used for auto-baud detection.

The baud rate error is represented by the following formula:

E r r o r = 1 - (\frac{E x p e c t e d B a u d R a t e}{A c t u a l B a u d R a t e})