17.2.4 Reading the Pin Value

Independent of the setting of Data Direction bit DDxn, the port pin can be read through the PINxn register bit. As shown in Ports as General Digital I/O, the PINxn register bit and the preceding latch constitute a synchronizer. This is needed to avoid metastability if the physical pin changes value near the edge of the internal clock, but it also introduces a delay. The following figure shows a timing diagram of the synchronization when reading an externally applied pin value. The maximum and minimum propagation delays are denoted t_pd,max and t_pd,min respectively.

Consider the clock period starting shortly after the first falling edge of the system clock. The latch is closed when the clock is low and goes transparent when the clock is high, as indicated by the shaded region of the “SYNC LATCH” signal. The signal value is latched when the system clock goes low. It is clocked into the PINxn register at the succeeding positive clock edge. As indicated by the two arrows t_pd,max and t_pd,min, a single signal transition on the pin will be delayed between ½ and 1½ system clock period depending upon the time of assertion.

When reading back a software-assigned pin value, a nop instruction must be inserted as indicated in the following figure. The out instruction sets the “SYNC LATCH” signal at the positive edge of the clock. In this case, the delay tpd through the synchronizer is one system clock period.

The following code example shows how to set port B pins 0 and 1 high, 2 and 3 low, and define the port pins from 4 to 7 as input with pull-ups assigned to port pins 6 and 7. The resulting pin values are read back again, but as previously discussed, a nop instruction is included to be able to read back the value recently assigned to some of the pins.

...
 ; Define pull-ups and set outputs high
 ; Define directions for port pins
 ldi r16,(1<<PB7)|(1<<PB6)|(1<<PB1)|(1<<PB0)
 ldi r17,(1<<DDB3)|(1<<DDB2)|(1<<DDB1)|(1<<DDB0)
 out PORTB,r16
 out DDRB,r17
 ; Insert nop for synchronization
 nop
 ; Read port pins
 in r16,PINB
 ...

unsigned char i;
 ...
 /* Define pull-ups and set outputs high */
 /* Define directions for port pins */
 PORTB = (1<<PB7)|(1<<PB6)|(1<<PB1)|(1<<PB0);
 DDRB = (1<<DDB3)|(1<<DDB2)|(1<<DDB1)|(1<<DDB0);
 /* Insert nop for synchronization*/
 __no_operation();
 /* Read port pins */
 i = PINB;
 ...