Maximizing the Signal: How to Use and Understand Embedded Operational Amplifiers

1 Basics of Operational Amplifiers

1.1 Discrete and Integrated Operational Amplifiers

1.2 Signal Gain and Noise Gain

2 Single Operational Amplifier Configurations

2.1 Unity Gain / Voltage Follower

2.2 Non-Inverting Amplifier

2.3 Inverting Amplifier

2.4 Schmitt Trigger

3 Multi Operational Amplifier Configurations

3.1 Cascaded Amplifier

3.2 Differential Amplifier

3.3 Instrumentation Amplifier

4 General Implementation Information

4.1 Resistor Selection

4.2 Signal Margin and Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)

4.3 Capacitive Loads and Stability

4.4 Effects from Mixed Signal I/O

5 Performance Characteristics

5.2 Open Loop Gain

5.3 Gain Bandwidth Product (GBWP)

5.4 Output Swing

5.5 Voltage Offset

5.6 Input Bias Current

5.7 Input Common-Mode Voltage

6 Advanced Operational Amplifiers Applications

6.1 Voltage-Controlled Current Source

7 More Information

8 Revision History

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