12.2 Required Constraints

This chapter describes how to add constraints. It also lists the supported constraints.

12.2.1 Set a Clock Constraint

Adding a clock constraint is the most effective way to constrain and verify that the timing behavior of a sequential design meets your performance goals.

To set a clock constraint, use one of the following ways to open the Create Clock Constraint dialog box:

In the Constraints Browser, double-click Clock.
Click the Add Clock Constraint
icon.
In the Constraints list, click Clock.
In the Clock Constraints Table, right-click the first row or any other row (if they exist) and click Add Clock Constraint.

Figure 12-5. Create Clock Constraint Dialog Box

The following table lists all the Create Clock Constraint dialog box options.

Table 12-2. Create Clock Constraint Options
Option	Description
Clock Name	Specifies the name of the clock constraint.
Clock Source	Select the pin to use as clock source. To display the Select Source Pins for the Clock Constraint dialog box, click Browse. The following options are available on the Select Source Pins for the Clock Constraint dialog box: Type: Displays the type of the available pins in the design. The type options for source pins are: Input Ports All Pins All Nets Pattern: The default is *, which is a wild-card match for all. You can specify any string value. Click Search to filter the available pins based on the specified pin type and pattern. Available Pins: The list displays the available Clock Pins. If you change the pattern value, the list box shows the available pins based on the filter. To add the pins from the Available Pins list to the Assigned Pins list, click Add or Add All. To remove the pins from the Assigned Pins list, click Remove or Remove All. Assigned Pins: Displays the pins selected in the Available Pins list. To add the source pins to the constraint, click pins from this list and click OK.
Period/Frequency	Specifies the period in nanoseconds (ns) or frequency in MegaHertz (MHz). When you edit the period, the tool updates the frequency value automatically. The frequency must be a positive real number. Accuracy is up to three decimal places.
Starting Clock Edge Selector	Click the up or down arrow to use the rising or falling edge as the starting edge for the created clock.
Offset	Indicates the shift (in nanoseconds) of the first clock edge with respect to instant zero common to all clocks in the design. The offset value must be a positive real number. Accuracy is up to two decimal places. Default value is 0.
Duty cycle	Specifies the percentage of the overall period that the clock pulse is high. The duty cycle must be a positive real number. Accuracy is up to four decimal places. Default value is 50%.
Add this clock to existing one with same source	Select this check box to add a new clock constraint on the same source without overwriting the existing clock constraint. The new clock constraint name must be different than the existing name. Otherwise, the new constraint overwrites the existing one, even if you select this check box.
Comment	Enter a single line of text that describes the purpose of the clock constraints.

12.2.1.1 Specifying Clock Constraints

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Specifying clock constraints is the most effective way to constrain and verify the timing behavior of a sequential design. Use clock constraints to meet your performance goals.

To specify a clock constraint:

Add the constraint in the editable constraints grid or open the Create Clock Constraint dialog box using one of the following methods:
- In the Constraints Editor, click the
  icon.
- In the Constraint Browser, right-click the Clock and select Add Clock Constraint.
- In the Constraint Browser, double-click Clock.
- In the Constraints list (Constraints > Clock), select Clock. The Create Clock Constraint dialog box appears.
  Figure 12-6. Create Clock Constraint Dialog Box
Select the pin to use as the clock source. You can click Browse to display the Source Pins for Clock Constraint dialog box.
Note: Do not select a source pin when you specify a virtual clock. Virtual clocks can be used to define a clock outside the FPGA that is used to synchronize I/Os.
Use the Choose the Clock Source Pin dialog box to display a list of source pins from which you can choose. By default, it displays the explicit clock sources of the design. To select other pins in the design as clock source pins, select Filter available objects - Pin Type as Explicit clocks, Potential clocks, All Ports, All Pins, All Nets, Pins on clock network, or Nets in clock network. To display a subset of the displayed clock source pins, you can create and apply a filter.
Note: Multiple source pins can be specified for the same clock when a single clock is entering the FPGA using multiple inputs with different delays.
To save these dialog box settings, click OK.
Specify the Period in nanoseconds (ns) or Frequency in megahertz (MHz).
Modify Clock Name. The name of the first clock source is provided as default.
Modify Duty cycle, if needed.
Modify Offset of the clock, if needed.
Modify the first edge direction of the clock, if needed.
Select the Add this clock to an existing one with the same source option, if needed.
Click OK. The new constraint appears in the Constraints List.
Click File > Save, the Timing Constraints Editor saves the newly created constraint in the database.

12.2.2 Set a Generated Clock Constraint

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Use the generated clock constraint to define an internally generated clock for your design and verify its timing behavior to meet your performance goals.

To set a generated clock constraint, use one of the following ways to open the Create Generated Clock Constraint dialog box:

In the Constraints Browser, double-click Generated Clock.
Click the Add Generated Clock Constraint
icon.
In the Constraints list, click Generated Clock .
In the Generated Clock Constraints Table, right-click any row and click Add Generated Clock Constraint.

Figure 12-7. Create Generated Clock Constraint Dialog Box

The following table lists all the Create Generated Clock Constraint dialog box options.

Table 12-3. Create Generated Clock Constraint Options
Option	Description
Clock Pin	Select a clock pin to use as the generated clock source. To display a list of the available generated clock source pins, click Browse. The Select Generated Clock Source dialog box appears. The following options are available on the Select Generated Clock Source dialog box: Pin Type: Displays the available pin types. The pin type options for the generated clock reference are: Output Ports All Register Output Pins All Pins All Nets Input Ports Pattern: The default is *, which is a wild-card match for all. You can specify any string value. Click Filter to filter the available pins based on the specified pin type and pattern. The list box displays the available pins based on the filter. To save the dialog box settings, click the pins from this list and click OK. When prompted, modify the clock name if necessary.
Reference Pin	Specifies a clock reference. To display the list of available clock reference pins, click Browse. The Select Generated Clock Reference dialog box appears. The following options are available on the Select Generated Clock Reference dialog box: Pin Type: Displays the available pin types. The pin type options for the generated clock reference are: Input Ports All Pins Pattern: The default is *, which is a wild-card match for all. You can specify any string value. To filter the available pins based on the specified Pin Type and Pattern, click Filter. The list box displays the available pins based on the filter. To save the dialog box settings, click the pins from this list and click OK.
Generated Clock Name	Specifies the name of the generated clock constraint. Note: This field is required for virtual clocks when no clock source is provided.
Generated Frequency	Specifies the values to calculate the generated frequency. A multiplication factor, division factor, or both is applied to the reference clock to compute the generated clock. The multiplication or division factor must be a positive integer.
Generated Clock Edges	Specifies the frequency of the generated clock. The specified integer value represents the edges from the source clock that form the edges of the generated clock. For more information, see 12.2.2.2 Generating Clock Edges
Edge Shift	Specifies a list of three floating-point numbers that represents the amount of shift, in library time units, that the specified edges are to undergo to yield the final generated clock waveform. The floating-point values can be positive or negative: A positive value indicates a shift later in time. A negative indicates a shift earlier in time. For example, an edge shift of `{1 1 1}` on the LSB generated clock shifts each derived edge by 1 time unit. To create a 200 MHz clock from a 100 MHz clock, use edge `{ 1 2 3}` and edge shift `{0 -2.5 -5.0}`.
Generated Waveform	Specify whether the generated waveform is the same as the reference waveform or inverted with respect to the reference waveform. When you finish, click OK.
Phase	This field is primarily used to report the information captured from the CCC configuration process, and when constraint is auto-generated. Meaningful phase values are: 0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, and 315.
PLL Output	Refers to the CCC GL0/1/2/3 output that is fed back to the PLL (in the CCC). It reports the information captured from the CCC configuration process and when the constraint is auto-generated.
PLL Feedback	Refers to the way that the GL/0/1/2/3 output signal of the CCC is connected to the PLL's FBCLK input. This field is primarily used to report the information captured from the CCC configuration process and when constraint is auto-generated.
Add Clock to Existing Clock	Specifies that the generated clock constraint is a new clock constraint in addition to the existing one at the same source. The name of the clock constraint should be different from the existing clock constraint. When this option is selected, master clock must be specified.
Master Clock	Specifies the master clock used for the generated clock when multiple clocks fan into the master pin. It can be selected from the list. This option is used with the add option of the generated clock.
Comment	Enter a single line of text that describes the purpose of the generated clock constraints.

12.2.2.1 Specifying Generated Clock Constraints

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Specifying a generated clock constraint enables you to define an internally generated clock for your design and verify its timing behavior. Use generated clock constraints and clock constraints to meet your performance goals.

To specify a generated clock constraint:

Open the Create Generated Clock Constraint dialog box using one of the following methods:
- Click the
  icon.
- In the Constraint Browser, right-click the Generated Clock and click Add Generated Clock.
- Double-click the Generated Clock Constraints grid. The Create Generated Clock Constraint dialog box appears.
Figure 12-8. Create Generated Clock Constraint
Select a Clock Pin to use as the generated clock source. To display a list of available generated clock source pins, click Browse. The Select Generated Clock Source dialog box appears.
Figure 12-9. Select Generated Clock Source Dialog Box
Specify a Reference Pin. To display a list of available clock reference pins, click Browse. The Select Generated Clock Reference dialog box appears.
Specify the Generated Clock Name (optional).
Specify the values to calculate the generated frequency: a multiplication factor and/or a division factor (both positive integers).
Specify the orientation of the generated clock edges based on the reference edges by entering values for the edges and the edge shifts. This is optional.
Specify the first edge of the generated waveform either same as or inverted with respect to the reference waveform.
Specify the PLL output and PLL feedback pins, if an external feedback is used to generate the clock.
Specify the Phase shift applied by the PLL in degrees.
Specify the Master Clock, if you want to add this to an existing one with the same source.
Click OK. The new constraint appears in the Constraints List.
Tip: Select File > Save to save the newly created constraint in the database.

12.2.2.2 Generating Clock Edges

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The frequency of the generated clock can also be specified by selecting the Generated Clock Edges option. Specify the integer values that represent the edges from the source clock that form the edges of the generated clock.

Three values must be specified to generate the clock. If you specify less than three, a tool tip indicates an error. The following example shows how to specify the clock edges.

If LSB is the generated clock from CLK clock source, the edge values must be

[1 3
                5]

. If MSB is the generated clock from CLK clock source, the edge values must be [1 5 9].

12.2.3 Set an Input Delay Constraint

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The input delay constraint defines the arrival time of an input relative to a clock. You specify the input delay constraint in the Input Delay dialog box. This dialog box allows you to enter an input delay constraint by specifying the timing budget outside the FPGA. You can enter the maximum delay, minimum delay, or both.

To specify an input delay constraint, use one of the following ways to open the Add Input Delay Constraint dialog box:

In the Constraints Browser, double-click Input Delay.
Click the Add Input Delay Constraint
icon.
From the Constraints menu, click Input Delay .
In the Input Delay Constraints Table, right-click any row and click Add Input Delay Constraint.
Figure 12-11. Add Input Delay Constraint Dialog Box

The following table describes the Add Input Delay Constraint dialog box options.

Table 12-4. Add Input Delay Constraint Options
Option	Description
Input Port	Specify the input port or click Browse next to Input Port to display the Select Ports for Input Delay dialog box. You can apply the input delay constraint on multiple input ports. The following options are available on the Select Ports for Input Delay dialog box: Type: Displays the type of the available pins in the design. The only valid selection is Input Ports. Pattern: The default is *, which is a wild-card match for all. You can specify any string value. Click Search to filter the available pins based on the specified pin type and pattern. Available Pins: The list box displays the available input ports. If you change the pattern value, the list box shows the available input ports based on the filter. To add the pins from the Available Pins list to the Assigned Pins list, click Add or Add All. To remove the pins from the Assigned Pins list, click Remove or Remove All. Assigned Pins: Displays the pins selected from the Available Pins list. To add the input port, click the pins from this list and click OK.
Clock Name	Specifies the clock reference to which the specified input delay is based.
Clock edge	Selects rising or falling as the launching edge of the clock.
Falling same as Rising	Select this check box to use the same delay value for the falling input value and the rising input value.
Min same as Max	Select this check box to use the same delay value for min and max delay.
Max Rise and Max Fall	Specifies the delay in nanoseconds for the longest path arriving at the specified input port.
Min Rise and Min Fall	Specifies the delay in nanoseconds for the shortest path arriving at the specified input port.
Add this input delay to existing one with same source	Specifies that this input delay constraint should be added to an existing constraint on the same port(s). Use this option to capture information on multiple paths with different clocks or clock edges leading to the same input port(s).
Comment	Enter a one-line comment for this constraint.

12.2.4 Set an Output Delay Constraint

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The output delay constraints defines the output delay of an output relative to a clock. You specify the output delay constraints in the Output Delay dialog box. This dialog box allows you to enter an output delay constraint by specifying the timing budget outside the FPGA. You can enter the maximum delay, the minimum delay, or both.

To specify an output delay constraint, use one of the following ways to open the Add Output Delay Constraint dialog box:

In the Constraints Browser, double-click Output Delay.
Click the Add Output Delay Constraint
icon.
From the Constraints menu, click Output Delay.
In the Output Delay Constraints Table, right-click any row and click Add Output Delay Constraint.

Figure 12-12. Add Output Delay Constraint Dialog Box

The following table describes the Add Output Delay Constraint dialog box options.

Table 12-5. Add Output Delay Constraint Options
Option	Description
Output Port	Specifies a list of output ports in the current design to which the constraint is assigned. You can select multiple output ports to apply the output delay constraints. Specify the name of the output port or click Browse to display the Select Ports for Output Delay dialog box. The following options are available on the Select Ports for Output Delay dialog box: Type: Displays the type of the available pins in the design. The only valid selection is Output Ports. Pattern: The default is , which is a wild-card match for all. You can specify any string value. Click Search to filter the available pins based on the specified pin type and pattern. Available Pins: The list box displays the available output ports. If you change the pattern value, the list box shows the available output ports based on the filter. To add the pins from the Available Pins list to the Assigned Pins list, click Add or Add All. To remove the pins from the Assigned Pins list, click Remove or Remove All. Assigned Pins: Displays pins selected from the Available Pins* list. To add the Output Ports for the Output Delay Constraint, click pins from this list and click OK.
Clock Name	Specifies the clock reference to which the specified output delay is related.
Clock Edge Selector	Use the Up or the Down arrow to select the rising or falling edge as the launching edge of the clock.
Falling same as Rising	Select this check box to use the same delay value for the Falling output value as well as the Rising output value.
Min same as Max	Select this check box to use the same delay value for Min and Max delay.
Max Rise and Max Fall	Specifies the delay in nanoseconds for the longest path from the specified output port to the captured edge. This represents a combinational path delay to a register outside the current design plus the library setup time.
Min Rise and Min Fall	Specifies the delay in nanoseconds for the shortest path from the specified output port to the captured edge. This represents a combinational path delay to a register outside the current design plus the library hold time.
Add this output delay to existing one with same source	Specifies that this output delay constraint should be added to an existing constraint on the same port(s). This is used to capture information on multiple paths with different clocks or clock edges leading from the same output port(s).
Comment	Enter a one-line comment for the constraint.

12.2.5 Set an External Check Constraint

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Use the Add External Check Constraint to specify the timing budget inside the FPGA.

To specify an External Check constraint, open the Add External Check Constraint dialog box in one of the following three ways:

In the Constraints Browser, double-click External Check.
From the Constraints menu, click External Check.
In the External Check Constraints Table, right-click any row and click Add External Check Constraint. The Add External Check Constraint dialog box appears.

Figure 12-13. Add External Check Constraint Dialog Box

The following table describes the Add External Check Constraint dialog box options.

Table 12-6. Add External Check Constraint Options
Option	Description
Input Port	Specify the Input Port or click Browse next to Input Port to display the Select Ports for External Check dialog box. You can apply the External Check constraint on multiple input ports.
Clock Name	Specifies the clock reference to which the specified External Check is related.
Hold	Specifies the external hold time requirement in nanoseconds for the specified input ports.
Setup	Specifies the external setup time requirement in nanoseconds for the specified input ports.
Comment	Enter a one-line comment for this constraint.

12.2.6 Set a Clock To Out Constraint

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Enter a clock to output constraint by specifying the timing budget inside the FPGA.

To specify a Clock to Out constraint, open the Add Clock to Out Constraint dialog box in one of the following three ways:

In the Constraints Browser, double-click Clock to Out.
From the Constraints menu, click Clock to Out .
Right-click any row of the Clock To Out Constraints Table and click Add Clock to Out Constraint. The Add Clock To Out Constraint dialog box appears.

Figure 12-14. Add Clock to Out Constraint Dialog Box

The following table describes the Add Clock to Out Constraint dialog box options.

Table 12-7. Add Clock to Out Constraint Options
Option	Description
Output Port	Specify the name of the output port or click Browse to display the Select Ports for Clock to Output dialog box. You can select multiple output ports to apply the Clock to Out constraint.
Clock Name	Specifies the clock reference to which the specified Clock to Out delay is related.
Maximum Delay	Specifies the delay in nanoseconds for the longest path from the specified output to the captured edge. This represents a combinational path delay to a register inside the current design plus the library setup time.
Minimum Delay	Specifies the delay in nanoseconds for the shortest path from the specified output to the captured edge. This represents a combinational path delay to a register inside the current design plus the library hold time.
Comment	Enter a one-line comment for this constraint.